@article{oai:kanazawa-u.repo.nii.ac.jp:00048780,
 author = {ド, ティ ラン アイン and 大桑, 麻由美 and 須釜, 淳子 and Do, Thi Lan Anh and Okuwa, Mayumi and Sugama, Junko},
 issue = {1},
 journal = {Journal of wellness and health care, Journal of wellness and health care},
 month = {Aug},
 note = {Purpose: This study was performed to identify risk factors associated with physiological lower extremity oedema in late pregnancy and to evaluate the relationship between disability and physical activity in women with such oedema in late pregnancy.
Method: This cross-sectional and correlational study was performed in 300 healthy pregnant women giving birth at gestational week 38 – 42 at Haiphong Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vietnam. Oedema was assessed at three sites, i.e., the foot, medial malleolus and pretibial edge, of both lower extremities. The degree of swelling at each site was graded according to the Fukazawa method, and oedema was given a grade of 0 – 3 at each point on each leg, with the final oedema score taken as the sum of these grades. Women with a score ≥ 2 in at least one leg were defined as positive for oedema.
All of the women included in the study completed the 12-item World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) questionnaire and the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ).
Results: Parity (OR, 2.18; 95%CI, 1.18 – 4.03, p = 0.01), gestational weight gain (OR, 1.19; 95%CI, 1.1 – 1.29, p < 0.01), foetal weight (OR, 1.002; 95%CI, 1.000 – 1.005, p = 0.05) and gestational week (OR, 2.61; 95%CI, 1.04 – 6.59, p = 0.04) were risk factors associated with physiological oedema in late pregnancy. The WHODAS scores were significantly higher in the oedema group than the non-oedema group in the following domains: total score, mobility, participation, getting along and self-care. The PPAQ scores were not significantly different between the groups. The oedema group showed weak negative correlations between
WHODAS (total score) and PPAQ (exercise, moderate activity) (r = − 0.3, −0.28), WHODAS (mobility) and PPAQ (exercise, moderate activity) (r = − 0.28, −0.32), WHODAS (life activities) and PPAQ (exercise) (r =−0.21) and WHODAS (self-care) and PPAQ (moderate activities) (r = − 0.23). There were also weak positive correlations between severity of oedema and WHODAS (total score, cognition, and participation; r = 0.29, 0.23, 0.27, respectively).
Conclusion: Gestational week, gestational weight gain, parity and foetal weight were shown to be risk factors associated with physiological oedema in pregnancy. Women in late pregnancy with physiological lower extremity oedema were more likely to have disability. The results presented here suggested that additional advice, such as dietary salt restriction, leg elevation and left-side sleeping, and specific treatments are required to reduce the incidence of lower extremity oedema during pregnancy.},
 pages = {11--21},
 title = {Disability and physical activity of women in late pregnancy with physiological lower extremity oedema in Vietnam: A cross sectional and correlational study},
 volume = {43},
 year = {2019}
}